Tony Kushner Angels In America Essays - Julius And Ethel Rosenberg

Tony Kushner: Angels In America Explore how any playwright of the time has successfully dramatised a social issue. Contemporary theatre has stepped further and further away from the sugar-coated happy society plays and musicals that once dominated Broadway and the West End. Now, harsher more realistic stories with issues facing today's society and politics are shocking that conventional-type of theatre. ?Shock is a part of art. Art that's polite is not much fun? (Kushner:Bernstein). One of these stories that have made this kind of impact on modern drama and theatre is Tony Kushner's ?Angels in America.? Described as ?the best American play in forty years,? this two part play (?Millennium Approaches? and ?Perestroika?) gives to life a variety of different issues facing not just the American society it is set in but the modern world as well (Lucas). With the main story line dealing with gays, politics, and AIDS in the 1980s, with this ?A Gay Fantasia on National Themes' Kushner has successfully explored these issues in further detail ultimately ?nudging Broadway into the 21st century? (Winship). The gay revolution took place in America in the 1980s which, consequently, is the setting for ?Angels in America?. The strong economy gave many of ?Reagan's children? power and courage to be more open with their sexuality (Part One: Act II, scene vii). People were ?coming out', so to speak, more than in previous decades. With five out of eight of the main characters in the play being gay males, and half of those in high power positions (i.e. law), the setting and political information discussed support the truth that Kushner writes about the gay community. ?Good politics will produce good aesthetics, really good politics will produce really good aesthetics, and really good aesthetics, if somebody's really asking the hard questions and answering them honestly, they'll probably produce truth? (Kushner:Bernstein). There is truth at the most basic of levels when, Joe, chief clerk for a Federal Court of Appeals judge, admits that he is homosexual (Part One: Act II, scene viii). Also truth to the most extreme, a consequence leading to death for many homosexuals: HIV and the AIDS virus, involving Roy the successful lawyer/power broker (Part Two: Act IV, scene viiii). ?Angels in America? is not just a ?gay play', but a play about American politics as well. The appearance of politics, not to mention homosexuality and AIDS, are issues resisted by most critics and audiences. Despite the odds, the subjects have proved successful to Kushner. The political element in this play is one that is a key in the story line and something not seen in many plays before this time. ?Is it that Americans don't like politics, or is it that so much theatre that is political isn't well done (Kushner:Bernstein) It is mentioned in detail and is even non-fictional, as mentioned in Kushner's disclaimer for ?Perestroika?. This type of detail given at an aesthetic approach essentially gives the audience a life-like story and the characters that life to portray. The change the Reagan era caused in politics and the country is expressed by these characters as a part of that society. For example, Joe, representing the optimistic opinion, discusses with Harper the positive change that the Reagan administration has given to the country: ?...For the good. Change for the good. America has rediscovered itself. Its sacred position among nations. And people aren't ashamed of that like they used to be...The truth restored. Law restored. That's what President Reagan's done....We become better. More good...? (Part One: Act One, scene v). As Belize, representing the more pessimistic opinion, discusses to Louis of his hate of America under Reagan: ?Well I hate America, Louis. I hate this country. It's just big ideas, and stories, and people dying, and people like you...I live in America, Louis, that's hard enough. I don't have to love it...? (Part Two: Act IV, scene iii). The varying opinions, openly discussed by these characters, represent the same doubts and hopes of that American society. ?I think that a character's politics have to live in the same sort of relationship to the character's psyche that people's politics live in relationship to their own psyches? (Kushner:Bernstein). Just the detailed political statements that the characters give in relation to society are enough to leave

Mike Tyson the Iron Life Essay Example

Mike Tyson the Iron Life Essay Example Mike Tyson the Iron Life Essay Mike Tyson the Iron Life Essay Chris Torres Mr. Breen History-1945 The Life of â€Å"Iron† Mike Tyson What do you think it takes to be called â€Å"Iron† Mike Tyson? What kind of experiences do you have to go through before you are labeled as the â€Å"Baddest Man on the planet†? What people don’t understand is the life style and background in which Mike Tyson grew up in. The surroundings meaning the streets, the gangs and the era of drugs kicked in and kicked in enough that teens were aware of what was on the streets and how to get it. Every person is different and no matter what the case is if you don’t have the proper parenting and descent area to live in then chances of you engaging in crimes are very high. Mike Tyson got lucky with the talent that he had but if not found and trained the way he was then he would have committed worse acts than the ones committed to this day. He made the best out of his talents but it goes to show you that money, fame and your athletic abilities won’t hide where you came from and the life you once lived not too long ago. Mike Gerard Tyson was born of June 30th, 1966 in Brooklyn, New York from the parents of Jimmy Kirkpatrick and Lorna Tyson. Sadly only after two years together Mikes Father decided it was too much for him to handle and left his mother with little Mike. Mikes mother didn’t have a lot of riches. It was hard for her to come up with money so they moved to a town in Brownsville, New York where unfortunately was known for their high crime rate. Mike was a very shy small kid. He also was the target of bullying from older kids and other distractions around the way. To add insult to injury Mike began developing his own style of street fighting. Building his experience of being a criminal, the mentality is what drives you to continue committing crimes. Once you have felt that feeling even when you get rid of that criminal feeling it will still be in the back of your mind waiting for another chance to take over. Gang banging is a parent’s worst nightmare. Not knowing right from wrong and the lack of discipline was the problem with Mike. Lacking a father figure hurts emotionally and mentally. Mike joined a gang around his neighborhood called the Jolly Stompers. A name with the ability to speak for itself, kids that enjoying committing crime. Committing robberies with the older members and giving mike assignments like cleaning out the cash register when victims are held at gun point. A kid doing this at an age you would be never guess, 11. This was a kid that often ran in contact with the police over his small petty criminal activities and by the age of 13 Mike was arrested an astounding 30 times. Mike Tyson’s horrible behavior gave him a boot out of his public school and into a reform school in upstate New York. Although it was a tough time for Mike something great came out of leaving the school in where he came from. Mike met a counselor by the name of Bob Stewart who had previously been an amateur boxing champion. Mike made a decision which could have been the turning point of his life by asking Bob if he could train him how to use his fist but with every offer comes a sacrifice. Mike would have to stay out of trouble and do better in school. Two things that are expected out of kids that go to school. Mike did so and was determined to learn it all when it comes to the boxing life. There was one other man by the name of Constantine â€Å"Cus† D’Amato who was a legendary boxing manager. DAmato was known for taking personal interest in promising fighters and he immediately recognized Tysons ambition to be a heavyweight contender, telling him, If you want to stay here, and if you want to listen, you could be the world heavyweight champion someday. (Mike Tysons Biography) Tyson agreed to stay. Constantine not only was his manager but also turned into this father figure that he never had. Cus took Mike under his wing and made sure to his best ability that he would succeed and be one of the best ever. It was around the early 80’s when Mike had entered into DAmatos full-time custody finally someone else than his mother cared about the fatherless kid. But 2 years later in 1982 Mike Tyson’s life would take a turn for the worst when his mother pasted away. A feeling no person wants to go through but has to at one point. One of the greatest debuts in boxing history came when the much anticipated Mike Tyson went against the strong and experienced Hector Mercedes. A quick one and done in the 1st round gave him his 1st hit and the image of an experienced champion. With the help of his two trainers and his work ethic in and out of the boxing ring gave Mike possibly felt the best he has ever felt in a while. This gave Tyson the ability to level his opponents quick in the 1st round, and that earned him the nickname Iron Mike. On November 4, 1985, DAmato died of pneumonia. Tyson was heavily hit by the death of the man he considered his blood father. Boxing trainer Kevin Rooney took over DAmatos coaching duties and less than two weeks later, Tyson continued on the path that DAmato had laid out for him. It goes to show you that guidance and support from people you love and love you back helps you move on to the next obstacle in your life regardless if they are there physically or emotionally. Tyson never fully recovered from the loss and many around the world blamed that to the boxers future behavior problems With the record of a true champion but no titles yet came an opportunity to flip that around. 22-0 with 21 knockouts gave him a title shot against Trevor Berbick for the World Boxing Council heavyweight championship. Tyson knocked out Berbick in the 2nd round making him the new WBC heavyweight champion. Also making him the youngest heavyweight champion of all time, Mike Tyson also gained to more belts and quickly gaining the respect of many. With fame did come some negative distractions to Tyson’s career. Tyson’s life from childhood delinquency to boxing champ put him in the center of the spotlight were most people don’t know how to handle the pressure. Mike became partying harder than ever and hanging with Hollywood stars that he didn’t belong with. Slowly after life as a superstar kicked in everything started to go sour for mike in the worst way. June 1988 both his wife and his manager wanted out of Mikes life as well wanted in on Mike’s money. Mike behavior got worse and worse after getting into street brawls and nearly killing himself by committing suicide trying to crash into the late D’Amato’s home. His family life was getting to the point of no return after his marriage being called â€Å"Pure Hell† by his wife Givens. You would think that one would learn their lesson but mike came back to criminal acts to later be sued by two women after being grabbed and insulted by Tyson. February 11, 1990 a date never to remember if you are a fan of Iron Mike Tyson. His first lose also his first time ever being knocked out by an underdog boxer named Buster Douglas. This fight changed the boxing world and stirred up so much noise about the loss but Mike still had other issues he had to deal with as well. More trouble came after Mike had also lost another fight not in the ring but in the court the day of November 1, 1990 several months after his 1st lose in his career. Mike Tyson was found guilty for both his incidents in his bathroom incident in 88’ and then soon in 91’ when e was accused of raping a Miss Black American contestant. Mike Tyson was ordered to jail for 6 years due to the law of Indiana it also had to be effective as soon as possible. The death of his father didn’t really faze Mike Tyson nor did he really care to take a leave from prison to take part at the funeral. It shows how much hate and disappointment Mike has from that event al one. He is a man of his own and everything he learned was from his own mind due to the fact that his whole life was a mission to find who he really is. He never really gave himself the chance to change because of all the events that occurred during the process of his life expanding. After six years of marriage, second wife Monica Turner filed for divorce  in 2003, on grounds of adultery. That same year, he also filed for bankruptcy after his exorbitant spending, multiple trials, and bad investments caught up with him. Tysons hard-partying ways caught up with him again in late 2006. Tyson was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona, after almost crashing into a police cruiser. Mike was suspected of driving while intoxicated. Soon after that assumption police pulled Tyson over and searched his car. During the search police discovered cocaine throughout the vehicle. On September 24, 2007, Mike Tyson pleaded guilty to possession of narcotics and driving under the influence. So much of Mike Tyson’s life has been taken away due to the fame and fortune but also from all the bad decisions he made as well. You can’t always get what you want and I feel as if he didn’t act the way he did during every incident he would be fine to this day. Tysons life seemed to mellow over the next few years, and the boxer began seeking sobriety by attending (AANA) Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous meetings. But in 2009, Tyson was dealt another blow when his four-year-old daughter, Exodus, accidentally strangled herself on a treadmill cord in her mothers Phoenix home. The tragedy  was yet another dark period in Tysons troubled life I want to leave you with a quote said by Mike Tyson that is real and from the heart. Something said due to experience and growth with life aging away from him so quick. The quote goes (Bad Intentions, The Mike Tyson Story) My whole life has been a waste Ive been a failure. I just want to escape. Im really embarrassed with myself and my life. I want to be a missionary. I think I could do that while keeping my dignity without letting people know they chased me out of the country. I want to get this part of my life over as soon as possible. In this country nothing good is going to come of me. People put me so high; I wanted to tear that image down.

10 Facts About the Periodic Table of Elements

10 Facts About the Periodic Table of Elements The periodic table is a chart that arranges the chemical elements in a useful, logical manner. Elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, lined up so elements that exhibit similar properties are arranged in the same row or column as one another. The periodic table is one of the most useful tools of chemistry and the other sciences. Here are 10 fun facts to boost your knowledge: Although Dmitri Mendeleev is most often cited as the inventor of the modern periodic table, his table was just the first to gain scientific credibility. ​It wasnt the first table that organized the elements according to periodic properties.There are  about  90 elements on the periodic table that occur in nature. All of the other elements are strictly human-made. Some sources state more elements occur naturally because heavy elements may transition between elements as they undergo radioactive decay.Technetium was the first element to be made artificially. It is the lightest element that has only radioactive isotopes (none are stable.)The International Union of Pure Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, revises the periodic table as new data becomes available. At the time of this writing, the most recent version of the periodic table was approved in November 2016.The rows of the periodic table are called periods. An elements period number is the highest unexcited energy level for an ele ctron of that element. Columns of elements help to distinguish groups in the periodic table. Elements within a group share several common properties and often have the same outer electron arrangement.Most of the elements on the periodic table are metals. The alkali metals, alkaline earths, basic metals, transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides all are groups of metals.The present periodic table has room for 118 elements. Elements arent discovered or created in order of atomic number. Scientists are working on creating and verifying elements 119 and 120, which will change the appearance of the table, though they were working on element 120 before element 119. Most likely, element 119 will be positioned directly below francium and element 120 directly below radium. Chemists may create much heavier elements that may be more stable because of special properties of certain combinations of proton and neutron numbers.Although you might expect atoms of an element to get larger as their atomic number increases , this does not always occur because the size of an atom is determined by the diameter of its electron shell. In fact, element atoms usually decrease in size as you move from left to right across a row. The main difference between the modern periodic table and Mendeleevs periodic table is that Mendeleevs table arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weight, while the modern table orders the elements by increasing atomic number. For the most part, the order of the elements is the same between both tables, though there are exceptions.

Super Heterodyne Receiver Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Super Heterodyne Receiver - Assignment Example Contents Contents 3 1.Introduction: 4 2.Super Heterodyne Receiver: Theory: 5 2.1.Structure of Super Heterodyne Receiver: 7 3.Super Heterodyne Receiver: Features: 9 4.Super Heterodyne FM (Frequency Modulation) Receiver: 11 5.Super Heterodyne Receiver: Applications: 12 6.Advantages and Disadvantages of Super Heterodyne Receivers: 13 7.Conclusion: 13 References 14 Appendices 16 List of Figures Serial No. Figure Page No. Figure 1 Block diagram of super heterodyne radio receiver 7 Figure 2 Structure of the Super Heterodyne Receiver 8 Figure 3 Super Heterodyne FM Receiver 12 List of Tables Serial No. Table Page No. Table 1 The Basic Elements of Super Heterodyne Radio Receiver 9 Table 2 Electrical Characteristics of AM Super Heterodyne Receiver 10 Table 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Super Heterodyne Receivers 13 List of Appendices Serial No. Appendix Page No. Appendix A Signals generated by mixing two signals together 17 1. Introduction: A super heterodyne receiver is defined as a radio receiver where two signals of radio-frequencies are combined by an action of a heterodyne delivering a signal that exceeds the limit of frequency that is audible. Amplification and demodulation of this produced signal produces a desired signal of audio-frequency. A super heterodyne receiver is also called as superhet (Superheterodyne receiver). The primary objective of super heterodyne receiver is production of an intermediate frequency on a constant basis such that efficiency of amplification and uniform selectivity, along with uniform sensitivity can be obtained (Thomas and Sekhar 313). The design of the receiver is usually such that it has a very good power of sensitivity thereby allowing even weak signals to deliver an output that can be considered as significant. However, there are problems with the receiver as well particularly when a strong station is tunes in to by anyone, a high gain occurs as a result of which amplifiers become overloaded causing poor and distorted intell igence of the receiver to deliver the desired signals (Thomas and Sekhar 313). The present study focuses on an understanding the theory and working of the super heterodyne receiver, thereby learning about its circuit, its features, its advantages and disadvantages and its applications. 2. Super Heterodyne Receiver: Theory: The super heterodyne receiver is one of the most popular radio receivers of the present times. It was invented during the end of the First World War by Edwin Armstrong, an American. Since them the use of the receiver has extensively increased in broadcast radios, televisions, and several other types of receivers. The theory behind the concept of the receiver involves a process of mixing. Two signals are multiplied together by with the use of radio-frequency mixers. With such a multiplication occurring with the signals, there is a direct signal delivered at the input and another produced at the output. The frequencies of the input and the output vary from each othe r, thereby leading new signals to be formed. Thus if f1 and f2 are two frequencies of the input signal, then the signals that are formed newly reflect frequencies of values (f1+f2) and (f1-f2) (The superhet or superheterodyne radio receiver). This can be explained by an example (The

Assigment #1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assigment #1 - Assignment Example In line with this, I find the English colonists as someone who is more superior as compared to the American Indians. Even though the English colonists acknowledged the fact that the American Indians were highly competitive in terms of their progress in economic activities particularly when it comes to hunting and agriculture, there were quite a lot of situational events wherein the English colonists were treating the American Indians badly. In most cases, the English colonists viewed the American Indians as a group of weak individuals who can be easily manipulated through the use of religious activities. I believe that the familiarity between the captive people and the colonists can be explained with the use of frontiers of inclusion or exclusion. Specifically the English colonists adopted the frontiers of exclusion when they settled in North America. Since frontier of exclusion means that they distance themselves from other culture and race, the English colonists never had the opportunity to become more acquainted with the American Indians (Mancall, 1995, p. 2). For this reasons, the English colonists failed to have a better understanding with regards to the strength and weaknesses of the American Indians. This gives the American Indians the benefit of not being able to become strongly manipulated by the English colonists. The same applied on the part of the American Indians. Because of the use of frontier of exclusion, the American Indians do not clearly know the real reasons why the English colonists chose to colonize their country. In fact, the American Indians were not able to have the opportunity to know more about the English culture. The only thing that the American Indians know is that the English colonists were abusive to their tribe. With regards to this perception, the American Indians became more familiar with the English colonists. The benefits and liabilities behind invading another country is not always clear

Victorian society and life style Essay Example for Free

Victorian society and life style Essay This essay uses A Conan Doyle interpretation of three cases in the adventures of Sherlock Holmes, to demonstrate how language, setting, characterisation and the role of the women reflects different aspects of Victorian society and life style.  A Conan Doyle uses typical language that is relevant for the Victorian period. In each of the cases, we expect to find a wide range of techniques used to emphasise and create an image of Victorian society and lifestyle in the readers mind. A Conan Doyle applies figurative language, repetition, grotesque and satirical caricatures and long complex sentences with detailed description. These techniques that A Conan Doyle uses helps the reader to understand the setting and characterisation more distinctly and clearly.  A Conan Doyle uses figurative language to make the reader create an image in their heads of the character or setting. Figurative language is a range of metaphors and similes that are being compared to a person or thing. Here is an example that A Conan Doyle has used in the speckled band (description of Dr. Roylott), high thin fleshless nose gave him some what resemblance to a fierce old bird of prey. In this quote the author is comparing Dr. Roylotts facial features to a fierce old bird of prey, this a metaphor used to help visualise the characters appearance. A Conan Doyle uses grotesque and satirical caricature in some cases. He uses this technique to describe the villain. In the description of Dr. Roylott in the speckled band, A Conan Doyle makes the readers imagine how nasty Dr. Roylott looks by putting in, bile shot eyes. This makes the villain more imaginative and easier for the readers to picture as unpleasant and mean.  A Conan Doyle uses long complex sentences to make a character or setting bold and clear, so the readers can easily relate and become more involved in the adventures. In long complex sentences A Conan Doyle uses Victorian words. These words are not often used today, so readers can really understand the distinct differences between today and back then the Victorians used very old English, however by using these words the reader is given a bolder, clearer and much more of a characteristic image. A Conan Doyle uses very long complex sentences to describe the king of bohemia in the scandal in bohemia, completed the impression of barbaric opulence which was suggested by his whole appearance. This gives the readers a clearer and detailed description of the event. In the quote it says he came with an uncultural but rich appearance focusing on detail. The sentence is considered complex as it uses more than one clause and unusual and uncommon words and metaphors where not familiar the words and terms i.e. opulence. In Victorian history women were be considered weaker than men. The readers can see this through some of A Conan Doyles cases. The man with the twisted lip women were really clumsy and weak. The readers can see this from the way Mrs. St Clair always kept fainting at the sight of blood, Mrs. St Clair had fainted at the sight of blood., however there were some woman that were really sly and cunning, like Irene Adler from scandal in bohemia, when she tricked Sherlock Holmes and eloped with her fianc, how best plans of Sherlock Holmes were beaten by a womans wit. In Victorian times women were really weaker than men. The second stain describes a clumsy woman, where a man blackmails a woman for a letter that could start war with another country. The weakness shows as she gives in to the man, in return for my secret not to be let out, he told me to get the blue envelope in the box. So I did A Conan Doyles thee adventure of Sherlock Holmes, gives readers an image of how Victorian London appeared. Readers are given the impression that Victorian London was a very dull, dirty and contaminated place. In most cases Victorian London was very nasty, dirty and a scary place, especially the way it is described in the man with the twisted lip. The setting in the man with the twisted lip is realistic, as at the same time jack the ripper was known, upper swandom lane is vile alley. This quote gives the reader an impression that Victorian London was very unclean and dirty. Steep flight of steps leading down to a black gap like the mouth of a cave. This quote gives the reader a frightening and dull suspense like of the setting and atmosphere. Dr. Watson is at the top of the flight of stairs and he is looking down them, when he looks down them he sees that the stairs lead to total darkness. The reader imagines a never-ending staircase or something gruesome waits at the bottom. In the adventures of Sherlock Holmes readers are able to understand Victorian lifestyle. This can be identified through the character Sherlock Holmes. In each case Sherlock Holmes is considered to be the hero as he is described as a, professional investigator. Dr Watson describes positive factors regarding Holmes, he admires, the rapid deductions, as swift as intuitions, and yet always founded on a logical basis, with which he unravelled the problems, which were submitted to him. This quote shows how Sherlock Holmes was dedicated to his work. Another example of the values of the period is seen through the character Dr.Watson. In the story the man with the twisted lip we see Dr.Watson helping a woman in distress, because her husband is missing, so he investigates by himself, I could manage it better if I were alone. This was considered very heroic at the time. As he is protecting the innocent woman. The character of Dr Roylott from the speckled band shows the readers the values, which were despised of at the time. In the speckled band Dr Roylott is described as a furious and violent person, Holmes the Scotland yard jack-in-office and, we heard the hoarse roar of the doctors voice, and saw the fury with which he shook his clenched fists at him. From these quotes the readers can tell that Victorian people despised this sort of attitude, because he turns violent and furious easily. By reading Sherlock Holmes the readers find many lifestyles, it just depends on which character is described. If it is a poor person then there lifestyle is at the opium den where it is a, low room, with thick and heavy brown opium smoke, and back in the Victorian times there were a lot of poor people, so the opium dens wouldve been packed, forecastle of an emigrant ship. If it is a heroic person like Sherlock Holmes or Dr Watson than their lifestyle is rich and cosy lifestyle for example a house with a maid, big cosy armchair, in front of a big chimney fire in a, cheery sitting room, with a nice friendly atmosphere. But if it is a villainous and hated person like Dr Roylott then their lifestyle will be dark, very gloomy and unpleasant, for example an old wrecked house that nobody has cared for, the few acres of bramble covered land.

Torte Law :: legal trial court

1. Explain the most important role of the trial judge in a legal proceeding. Answer1. The most important role of the trial judge is to keep order in the court and is in charge when a jury is present to make sure that the lawyers do not use improper methods to influence the jury during the case. 2. When a trial court makes a legal error in deciding case, what steps must the party take to have the legal error reviewed? Answer 2. If the trial court makes an error then the party needs to take the case to the appeals court. The job of the appeals court is to review the proceeding of the trial court and correct legal errors made by the trial judge. They must accept all the trial court’s 3. Why does a person seek an equitable (equity) remedy in a civil case when instead of a remedy law? Describe difference between an equitable remedy at law Answer 3. A remedy is a form of court enforcement of a legal right resulting from a successful civil lawsuit. Remedies fall into three general categories: (1) Damages - monetary compensation for the plaintiff's losses, injury, and/or pain or restitution measures designed to restore the plaintiff's status to what it was prior to the violation of his or her rights, (2) Coercive remedies - requiring a party to do or omit doing a specific act through injunctive relief or a court order of specific performance (3) Declaratory judgment - the court determines individual rights in a specific situation without awarding damages or ordering particular action. Monetary damages are often referred to as a legal remedy while coercive and declaratory remedies are termed equitable remedies. 4. State the name of the document used to commence a civil lawsuit against a defendant. Answr4. The name of the document used to commence a civil lawsuit against a defendant is called â€Å"summons† 5. Define substantive law-sets out the rights and duties governing people as thy act in society. Creates or defines rights, privileges, duties, obligations, and causes of action that can be enforced by law Define procedural law- law that prescribes the procedures and methods for enforcing rights and duties. Procedural law establishes the rules under which the substantive rules of law are enforced. 6. Define judicial law-law of or relating to a judgment, the function of judging, the administration of justice, or the judiciary a) State when federal court can review the decision of a state court on a legal question?

Neuromarketing: A Brave New World of Consumerism

Introduction t this point in our social history we are experiencing trends in marketing and consumerism that no cultural phenomena in antiquity has prepared us for. Each day between the hours of waking and sleeping we are exposed to 3000 – 5000 marketing messages across every shape and flavor of media mankind has been able to devise In good conscience (Story 2007). Every niche, of every segment, of every market, for every product, has a multitude of competitors vying for space of mind, seeking to differentiate, remind, inform, or persuade themselves into our lives and shopping trellises (Copley 2004).This clutter, consternation, and competition has taken the humble consumer transaction to be something more akin to game theory, and contemporary marketing strategy has become a battle of minds and wills (Lee, Frederick, and Chamberlain 2007). Each new generation of consumer finds themselves delivered deeper Into an environment of Increasing media and message saturation.But, with every generational cycle a further sophistication In the adaptive discretionary filtering system is created in order for these individuals to preserve some degree of highly guarded ‘psychic space', and as such ‘marketing professionals re keenly aware of the obstacles posed by both information-processing limitations and viewer opposition' (Rumba 2002). ‘The multiplicity of advertising messages to which each consumer is exposed dictates that advertisers place a lofty premium on the much-coveted psychic space of their Intended message recipients.Moreover, marketers Increasingly find themselves trying to reach target audiences who have an arsenal of cognitive, behavioral, and mechanical strategies for ad avoidance at their disposal' (Speck and Elliott 1997). Further adding to this already encumbered media/ immunization sphere is also the weight and complexity of the postmodern condition in which Goldman (1992) speaks of ‘relentless scrambling of signified and sig nifier, mixing and matching meanings' and Brown (1995) goes on to highlight ‘practices such as fragmentation, De-deliberation, hypnotherapy, chronology, pastiche, pluralism and anta-functionalism'.This escalating complexity of exchange devised for increasingly more sophisticated and media salt-Ð’Â »,' consumers attempts to side-step any ‘predictability of antiquated advertising conventions that could no longer pass through the filters of seasoned postmodern nonusers' (Goldman and Passion 1994).What remains is the perfect storm of social complexity, ever-changing message filtering, and big-business ‘sign wars' which has left some marketers believing that turning to the dark arts Is the only way to get ahead in marketing communications, with notably one energy drink brand literally and comically commissioning a Haitian priestess to channel a foul-mouthed voodoo deem-god to help design their advertising campaign (Panamas 2010). Enter stage left – marketing' s. Thin such a relatively young field of inquiry the precise definition of marketing's s still finding its footing with conflicting definitions still being proposed and utilized by divergent agents within the realm (Fisher 2010). Perpetuating this conflict is the notion that academia and industry share limited cohesion in exploring this field, that private enterprises do not tend to publish findings or share proprietary information, and that more has been published about marketing's across the popular media, relative to the traditional tome of recognized peer-reviewed publications (Fisher 2010).In spite of this, Lee (2007) proposes that ‘marketing's as a field of study an simply be defined as the application of neuroscience methods to analyses and understand human behavior in relation to markets and marketing exchanges' and Fisher (2010) notes that marketing's ‘can be tentatively defined as marketing designed on the basis of neuroscience research'. These proposed definit ions avoid the subjective bias embraced by some proponents and detractors and are a suitable explanation of the topic for the purposes of this discussion.As brain sciences increasingly inform our daily lives, social practices, and intellectual discourses, ornamenting has become one of a collection of developing fields to gain the ‘neuron' prefix along with neuroscience, neurasthenics, neuropathology, and neurotically – these fields now collectively earning the moniker ‘neuromuscular', ‘and the brain-based explanations arising from it are progressively influencing public notions of personal identity, responsibility, and causation' (Fisher 2010).Why Marketing's? He most acute advantage thought to stem from the utilization of neuroscience in examining an individual's response to market based inquiries is its unfiltered objectivity and unbiased honesty. Typically the self-assessment measures commonly used in marketing research rely totally on the ability and wil lingness of the respondent to accurately report their attitudes and/or prior behaviors' (Petty and Caption 1983).However, it is believed that the brain approximately expends only 2 percent of its energy on conscious activity with the remaining majority devoted to unconscious thought and processes, thus, neurotransmitters believe, traditional market research methods ? like consumer surveys and focus groups ? are inherently inaccurate because the participants can never articulate the unconscious impressions that whet their appetites for certain products' (Singer 2010).In addition to this intrinsic inability for an individual to access all relevant perceptual data, this error factor cumulatively adds to any conscious or even unrecognized desire the respondent may have to please or deceive the information gathering unit, even further exaggerating the potential for inaccurate measurements. In contrast, physiological responses can be collected when respondents are actively partaking in re search activities and are difficult for subjects to control, although not difficult to affect (Petty and Caption 1983).In many ways marketing's is the lie detector of the marketing industry, but the potential application is much greater than simply extracting truthful responses, it may prove instrumental in uncovering the processes and transparent way than marketers have previously had access to. The benefits of marketing's are obvious when framed in the above context. This field creates the possibility for marketers to understand consumers to an extent that a myriad of techniques over many decades of investigation have only ever been able to scratch at the door of.Felt (2007) believes that, assuming the science can be translated into meaningful technology the power and the precision of the retrieved data as a management tool could prove sublime, it would finally enable marketers to reach out and pinprick consumers without using broad strokes'. â€Å"In fact, exploring exactly what elements of an advertisement are critical to awareness, attitudes and evaluations of products, and whether these differ for different groups, should reduce firms' reliance on the ‘blunt instruments' of blanket coverage, shock tactics, or sexual imagery' (Lee 2007).The Marketing's Mix he research generated by any given marketing's firm is of course a product article and as such marketing mix considerations are a requirement of presenting to the market, however, the more significant discussion is the current and conceivable application of this technology to play a major role in guiding and optimizing each of the up's of the marketing mix for utilities. Them Noble, Managing Director of ‘Neurotics' a major player in the burgeoning marketing's industry, has stated that ‘all the biggest brands are using it†¦ But most of them are keeping it to themselves†¦ Even so, marketing's has become a key part of today's marketing ix' (Fagan 2011). The technology is believ ed to be equally applicable to each of the seven aspects of the mix provided a suitable interpretation model is utilized to rationalist the raw data. The up's the literature most commonly discourses are reviewed below. Product Typically product designers refer to consciously generated studies of consumer preferences to inform the process, in such inquiries subjects are likely to be influenced by ‘normative expectations and social influences' (Figurate 2007).For example, survey research typically reports that women find wrestler-turned-action ere ‘The Rock unattractive ‘but their brain activity says otherwise: areas associated with attractiveness light up when women watch him on screen' (Singer, 2004). Bruit (2004) mentions that some tests conducted for Demolisher's showed that certain products can activate the self-reward centre of the brain which is the same region that natural stimulants such as sex, chocolate, and cocaine trigger, this action is aroused by the r elease of the molecule dopamine and releases endogenous opiates – substances linked to lust and pleasure'.Whilst this trigger is not a guarantee of arches, all other things being equal – designs that create pleasure are far more likely to be purchased than those that do not (Figurate 2007). Price Lee (2007) states that ‘pricing seems to lend itself almost perfectly to normalizing research' and believes that age old questions like why â€Å"prices such as ‘$4. 99' are perceived as significantly cheaper than those such as ‘$5. 00† could be answered by simultaneously exploring the temporal and spatial nature of brain activity.Through utilizing this technology marketers can not only underpin optimal pricing strategies but also understand how and why pricing perceptions are formed. Place customers to seeing, hearing, feeling, touching, tasting, and smelling stimuli, stores may be able to customize environments to enhance the consumer experience, or weight the chances of a sale. ‘For example, if normalizing data suggest a positive response to the touching of Jewelry, the consumer may experience a personalized discount prominently displayed in their sightline in order to provide encouragement for purchase' (Wilson 2008).Promotion Measurement of advertising messages and their success in provoking emotional responses can be gauged, and assumptions can be made about the subject's unconscious thought patterns depending on which areas of the brain ‘light' up (Figurate 2007). The reaction an agency wishes to evoke with a given advertisement e. G. Excitement, passion, hostility, humor, attention, etc. ; can be transposed to the brain map where these concepts are processed. If that brain area is unaffected after exposure to the advertising stimulus, it is obvious that the advertisement has failed this crucial test' (Figurate 2007) Schafer (2005) also states that ‘neural scanning might be able to predict the strength of advertising recall for specific advertisements'. The History he earliest reported use of the term marketing's first appeared in a press release in July 2002 by Atlanta based advertising agency ‘Birthrights' announcing the creation of a new business division which utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fem.) for purposes of marketing research (Wilson 2008; Fisher 2010).However, the Economist (Inside the Mind of the Consumer 2004) duly notes that Harvard Professor-Emeritus Gerald Coalman filed a patent for ‘normalizing as a marketing tool' in the late sass's approximately four years prior to Brightness's suspicious press release. In spite of this, some observers consider this technology to be part of a continuum that has been ongoing for much longer. â€Å"Marketing's is simply the latest incarnation, says Joseph Throw, a professor of communication at the Ennobler School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania. There has always been a holy grail in a dvertising to try to reach people in a hypodermic way,' he says† (Singer 2010). Educated observers also make note that Journalist and social critic Vance Packard (1957) wrote ‘The Hidden Persuaders' more than 50 years ago which is still considered to be a seminal work, which outlines how advertisers play(deed) on people's unconscious desires in an attempt to influence them. Run for our Lives? Neatly probing consumers for answers to every fear, desire, motivation, and preference in underpants color has begun to beg the question in some quarters, should we love this or fear it? It appears from the outset that this technology has been spawning controversy; however, some of this contention seems not to be entirely new in nature but the amplification and reinvigoration of well disputed ground, freshly driven by this new and acute mechanism.The contention largely remains in determining whether using such technology to understand the desires of consumers will be useful for serv ing them, or used for manipulating them, in short, is actions of a great many organizations and individuals, the main objective of marketing is to help match products with people (Rarely 2010; Kettle, Keller, and Burton 2009). ‘Marketing serves the dual goals of guiding the design and presentation of products such that they are more compatible with consumer preferences and facilitating the choice process for the consumer' (Rarely 2010).Marketing as ethical or unethical in practice is a purely a determination to be made on a case by case basis, not generalized in overarching sweeps. Rallies (1999) surmises that the organizational factors contributing to principled business undertakings or in fact impeding a unified ethical framework are moral reasoning, organizational ethical climate, level of economic development, and cultural dimensions, Murphy (2005) suggests on an individualistic level that indicative qualities can be determined from virtue and character ethics utilizing me asurements of the five core virtues of – integrity, fairness, trust, respect and empathy.In comprehension, understanding the afore is to recognize that marketing's (like most industries,) exists within a context of moral heterogeneity and the concerns that exist toward the frayed edge of the ethical fabric, underpin a movement of anxiety toward the potentiality of neuron-techniques to probe the subconscious mind, and the conceivability of these vehicles to unduly influence consumers, turning them into shopping robots without their knowledge and consent' (Singer 2010).Singer (2010) states that â€Å"marketing's is setting off alarm bells among some consumer advocates, who call it ‘brainwashing ? an amalgam of branding and brainwashing†. ‘Our contention is that neuroscience findings and methods hold the potential for marketing practices that threaten consumers' abilities to follow preferences and dictates according to free will' (Greene 2003).The controversy and paranoia surrounding a field that is yet to be evidenced or indicted of unethical practice is so potent that Senior and Senior (2008) have felt compelled to draft ‘A Manifesto for Marketing's Science' to guide the ethical functioning of practitioners, quell some f the fears of alarmists, and address potential dilemmas arising on this new frontier.The Advertising Research Foundation has also seen fit to undertake a collaborative study with the major operators in the marketing's industry to establish and implement the ‘Northeastwards Initiatives' agenda and determine ethical working canons for the field (ARP Announces Groundbreaking Northeastwards Study 2010). In addition to this above, the exploratory academic discipline of neurotics has continued to grow in unison with the developments in neuroscience research and neuromuscular, informing it all the while.Irrespective of the development in ethical governance, detractors warn that we do not have a current legal and so cial structure equipped to address technologies that are intentionally designed for subconscious persuasion. Singer (2010) states that ‘if the advertising is now purposely designed to bypass those rational defenses, then the traditional legal defenses protecting advertising speech in the marketplace have to be questioned'.We are also warned that many legally and morally ambiguous issues will arise with the increase in marketing's usage such as Who ultimately owns brain scans, whether scans can e sold to other persons or institutions, and what happens to extraneous information, such as health problems, revealed by the scans' (Wilson 2008). The array positron emission tomography (PET), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fem.), electroencephalography (EGG) galvanic skin response (USSR), eye tracking technology, electrocardiography, and electromyography (Figurate 2007; Lee 2007).It is noted that any corporeal measurements gained through the use of these instruments are strictly limited by the skill the interpreter has in correlating bio-readings to mental/emotional states, and therefore into actionable ATA. There has been some research to show that imagery favored in traditional research preference tests are often not the ones that stimulate the emotional centers of the brain (Uncommon 2007), according to People (quoted in Harris 2006) however, emotion is one of the major keys to all marketing and by monitoring brain activity we can get very good indication of when an emotional connection has been made.Unfortunately, these results can only reveal activation correlated with particular imagery but cannot predict outcomes with certainty, and it does in fact highlight the actuality that there is ‘no direct link between arousal and behavior; no measure of purchase intent' (Figurate 2007). According to James (2004) the only time a human being cannot help acting on arousal is as a toddler'.Some critics throughout the literatu re have argued for the existence of a ‘buy button' in the brain, the above suggests that there could be no overriding of an individual's cognitive control and ‘current evidence suggests that the cognitive processes associated with purchase decisions are multi factorial and cannot be reduced to a single area of activation' (Rarely 2010). In the face of decries and skeptics Joey and Kilts Remain, Brightness's CEO and founder claim that rather than forecasting the shopping behavior of individuals, marketing's will help develop an understanding of how people develop preferences. Our goal is to change company, not consumer, behavior,† says Remain. He adds that this philosophy could improve advertising ethics. â€Å"What if you could, for example, show a company that their moral and ethical behavior has a bigger influence on consumer preference than the color of their packaging or current tag line? â€Å"‘ (Singer 2010). New Scientist magazine conducted a est. of marketing's to choose the ‘most attention getting cover for its 5th August 2010 issue.Nineteen readers of the magazine were shown three alternative covers during EGG tests from which one was ultimately selected. The ultimate result of this experiment and the ensuing cover choice, was a 12% increase in sales year-on-year and the second highest selling issue of the year which the deputy editor Graham Layton claimed was â€Å"unheard of in August† (Tartan 2010). Outside of this, virtually no other results have been published either confirming or condemning the predictive ability of marketing's in the marketplace.However, the one strong virtuous indicator that does exist, is the very fact that a multitude of global companies such as Google, CBS, Frito-Lay, Demolisher's, Brown-Foreman, General Motors, American Express, Campbell Soup, MAT, Disney Media, Heresy's, Millimeters, Colgate- Palmolive, NBC, ESP., and Turner Broadcasting are utilizing this technology as a regular co mponent of their own brand research efforts (ARP Announces Groundbreaking Northeastwards Study 2010; Rarely 2010; Figurate 2007; Bruit 2004). E detractors of marketing's see a dyspepsia future ahead, they envisage a world here we all become little more than purchase-making drones, slaves to big business recklessly pushing away at ‘buy buttons' in our brains to move their wares and their stock prices. Valid concerns have been raised from some quarters citing the potential for the increase of ‘marketing-related diseases' such as obesity, heart disease, and similarly related health issues (Fisher 2010).What we understand from the above however, is that marketing's cannot now or any currently conceivable point in the future, have any ability to override an individual's cognitive control. Marketing's may help to design a more attractive car but will never have the ability to make a man sell his children to purchase it. Even with the limitations of the technology, neurotransmi tters and researchers alike are currently exploring the ethical parameters of the field in order to create a unified framework for operation and quell concerns that vocal outliers currently raise.The primary purpose of this technology, as is the purpose of all marketing research, is to better understand the needs and wants of consumers, the biggest problem with traditional research is the intimidation by a participant's own cognitive bias, or as advertising legend David Googol once said: â€Å"The trouble with market research is that people don't think how they feel, they don't say what they think and they don't do what they say' (quoted in Scar 2011).

Meteorological Modeling In Klang Valley Region Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

It has been widely known that alterations of the land surface from flora country to urban country can well impact the environing meteoric status. Meteorologic theoretical account was used to measure meteoric status for air quality mold and prediction. One of the inputs for the meteoric and air quality theoretical account is land usage and land screen of the terrain. In this survey, we examined the sensitiveness of land usage and land screen on the predicted meteoric conditions. A meteoric simulation utilizing 5th coevals mesoscale theoretical account ( MM5 ) by Penn State/NCAR was used to compare the effects of land usage from two different old ages on meteoric status. The predicted meteoric conditions are so compared with the several monitoring station onsite. Consequences showed improved of surface wind velocity and temperature simulated utilizing improved land usage map. Findingss suggest land usage map should be taking into consideration in historical meteoric Fieldss to entree f uture air quality if the country of survey expects big alterations in land usage form. Keywords: Meteorologic mold ; Land usage ; MM5 ; Urban. Introduction It has been widely known that alterations of the land surface from flora country to urban country can well impact the environing meteoric status. Urbanization of an country could take to alterations of meteoric parametric quantities such as boundary bed deepness, perpendicular diffusivity, wind stableness category, etc. These meteoric parametric quantities played an of import function in most of the air quality theoretical accounts that predicts the concentration at each grid. Harmonizing to Jacobson ( 2002 ) , one of the factors that affect air pollution is the local air current which ensuing from uneven land warming, variable topography and others. In another word, different land usage type may take to uneven land warming, because land screen affects ground temperature, which affects pollutant concentration finally ( Jacobson, 2002 ) . Meteorologic and air quality theoretical accounts require land usage and surface feature that differ by their land usage and land screen forms ( Civ erolo et. at. , 2000 ) . Another survey carried out by Jazcilevich et Al. ( 2002 ) suggested that alterations of the land usage type could impact its environing meteoric status and scattering of air pollutant. Much of the current apprehension of the urban clime and meteoric status in Malaysia resulted from the research on Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya country begins from 1970s ( Sham, 1973a, 1973b, 1979a, 1979b and 1987 ) . These researches focused on the description of the climatology and meteoric facet such as air current and temperature parametric quantities associated with urban heat island. The meteoric facets of the Kuala Lumpur and the environing metropoliss may alter due to the change of land usage and land screen by urbanisation and development of the metropolis. However, no survey had been done to entree the meteoric status of Klang Valley part with current land usage and land screen. The meteoric theoretical account used in this survey was the Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model ( MM5 ) from PSU/NCAR ( Grell et al. , 1994 ) . In this theoretical account the land usage was simulated from the planetary flora dataset from USGS which available at 1 grade, 30 min, 10 min, 5 min, and 30 unsweet declaration. However, the informations were derived from satellite observations over a period 1992-3 and the flora classs were out of day of the month and non relevant to the country of survey. The aim of the survey is to find to the effects of the land usage and land screen alterations on the meteoric mold system. Land usage map of twelvemonth 2000 obtain from the Town and Country Planning Department ( JPBD ) will be used to better 1992-3 USGS land usage dataset. The Modeling System PSU/NCAR Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model ( MM5 ) was selected as the meteoric simulation patterning system in this survey. The MM5 theoretical account is non-hydrostatic with terrain following co-ordinates, multi-scale, capable of interface with existent conditions prognosis theoretical accounts ( Global Circulation Model ) , contains expressed cloud strategies and dirt parameterization. MM5 is widely used by the meteoric community and its end product could be coupled together with the Sparse Matrix Operation Kernel Emission ( SMOKE ) theoretical account and Community Multiscale Air Quality ( CMAQ ) theoretical account to imitate the scattering of the air pollutants that take in considerations of the meteoric Fieldss and emanation beginnings. MRF Planetary Boundary Layer ( PBL ) parameterization strategy was selected in this survey. The 4-dimensional informations assimilation ( FDDA ) option was non used was selected in this survey because the purpose of the survey is to analyze the effects of modified land usage on the theoretical account end product. For inputs of informations, land usage datasets from USGS will be used as the default land usage, and land usage map from Town and Country Planning Department as the improved land usage and NCEP FNL ( Final ) Operational Global Analysis information was used in this survey. Domain Setup Four spheres are used as shown in Figure 1 for this survey. The female parent sphere with the declaration 27km covers the most of the Peninsular Malaysia ; 2nd sphere with the 9km declaration screens Selangor province ; 3rd sphere with 3km declaration screens ; finest sphere with 1km declaration will covers the survey country which is Klang Valley. Figure 1: MM5 domain apparatus. Processing of Land Use and Land Cover In the MM5 mold system, each grid cell was assigned one land usage based on the dominant class in the grid cell. 24 classs of Vegetation type by USGS was used in categorization of land usage in MM5. Each land usage categories consists of six surface parameterization, which includes, reflective power, wet handiness, emissitivity at 9 A µm, raggedness length, thermic inactiveness, and surface heat capacity per unit volume giving together with the MM5 theoretical account. Since Malaysia is a tropical state, summertime values are used. Out of 24 land usage types in the MM5 theoretical account ( Guo and Chen, 1994 ) , 14 classs was used to to the full depict the full sphere ( Figure 2 ) , with 22 % classified as H2O organic structures, 0.4 % as urban country and the largest non water-based class is Irrigated Cropland and Pasture ( 39 % ) in sphere 3 and as for sphere 4, 10 % classified as H2O organic structures, 1 % as urban country and the largest non water-based class besides class is Irrigated Cropland and Pasture ( 37 % ) ( Table 1 ) . Figure 2: USGS land usage dataset sphere 3 and domain 4. Since the Land usage dataset from USGS was generated from the twelvemonth 1992/3 orbiter image, the development of the Klang Valley country for the past 15 old ages decidedly changed the land usage and land screen of the survey country. To better the land usage type, updated land usage map from the Town and Country Planning Department was referred in this survey. The updated land usage map was preprocessed from polygon to gridded land usage map based on the categorization of the 24 USGS land usage classs ( Figure 3 ) .The per centum differences of the land usage between the default land usage and the update land usage are shown in ( Table 1 ) . Table 1: Percentage of landuse class for USGS and JPBD land usage Domain 3 and Domain 4. Land usage codification Land usage class USGS Land usage Domain 3 ( % ) USGS Land usage Domain 4 ( % ) JPBD Land usage Domain 3 ( % ) JPBD Land usage Domain 4 ( % ) 1 Urban and Built -Up Area 0.4 1.0 25.1 40.6 2 Dryland Cropland and Pasture 12.1 17.0 0.0 0.0 3 Irrigated Cropland and Pasture 40.2 37.4 0.0 0.0 4 Mixed Dryland/Irrigated Cropland and Pasture 0.0 0.0 20.4 28.0 5 Cropland/Grassland Mosaic 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 6 Cropland/Woodland Mosaic 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 7 Grassland 0.7 1.7 0.0 0.0 8 Shrubland 3.7 7.6 0.0 0.0 10 Savanna 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 11 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest 13.4 16.5 0.0 0.0 13 Evergreen Broadleaf Forest 2.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 14 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 15 Assorted Forest 2.7 5.3 34.4 25.0 16 Water Bodies 22.4 10.3 17.8 6.5 Figure 3: Gridded JPBD land usage in 3km and 1km declaration. An ASCII type of input file was generated based on the reclassified land usage map into specific format. This ASCII file contains column, row, land usage type, latitude, longitude, flora fraction, and H2O fraction ( Figure 4 ) . Figure 4: Example of ASCII format input. The FORTRAN codification named â€Å" replace_lulc.f † is used to replace the land usage type, flora fraction and H2O fraction in the TERRAIN_DOMAINx file based on the co-ordinates of the reclassified grid cells and the several land usage type, and other parametric quantities provided in the ASCII file. The FORTRAN codification is compiled utilizing run book â€Å" run.replace † which besides determines the input and end product files to treat, and parametric quantities to be updated ( Figure 5 ) . Figure 5: Example of run.replace book. MM5 Simulation Results MM5 simulation was performed from 1st July 2005 ( 18:00 ) to 3rd July 2005 ( 17:00 ) with entire simulation clip 48 hours utilizing USGS flora dataset for 27km, 9km, 3km and 1km spheres as base instance. The 3km and 1km sphere will be compared with the end product of MM5 simulation using JPBD land usage dataset during for same period. All the physical options used were indistinguishable for both simulations. Observation from the Continuous Air Quality Monitoring ( CAQM ) station from Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. ( ASMA ) and Malayan Meteorological Department ( MMD ) was used to formalize MM5 public presentation from the both USGS and improved land usage dataset. Three CAQM site was selected to formalize the MM5 public presentation, which are the monitoring station in Klang and Shah Alam that maintained by ASMA and supervising station in Subang that operated by MMD. The simulations that utilized USGS land usage dataset showed overestimate of the air current velocity and produces sudden extremum at certain hr in the simulation. The improved land usage dataset utilizing JPBD land usage informations reduces the air current velocity and frequence of the sudden extremum, yet still over estimated the overall air current velocity compared to the observation informations ( Figure 6 ) . However, the improved land usage dataset utilizing JPBD do increase the correlativity between the ascertained air current velocity and simulated air currents velocity from all CAQM site ( Table 2 ) . The lowered air current velocity due to the improved land usage informations set could take to increased stableness and decreased perpendicular commixture. This could increase the air pollution concentration in certain country. The temperature profile simulated by both utilizing USGS and JPBD land usage dataset able to imitate the afternoon temperature near surface when comparison with the onsite observation temperature informations. However, both USGS and JPBD land usage dataset tends to overrate the temperature near surface during the dark ( Figure 7 ) . The correlativity between ascertained temperature and fake temperature somewhat increases when use JPBD land usage dataset in the simulation for the all monitoring site ( Table 2 ) . The consequences suggest that improved land usage dataset utilizing JPBD land usage dataset could better the overall simulation consequence ( Table 2 ) . The alterations of the meteoric parametric quantities could impact scattering of air pollutant, energy demand that could impact anthropogenetic emanations. The alterations of the MM5 end product could besides impact the computation of the air pollution patterning package such as CMAQ. Figure 6: Time series comparing of windspeed at 1km sphere for Shah Alam. Figure 7: Time series comparing of 1.5m temperature at 1km sphere for Shah Alam. Figure 8: Correlation between observed and predicted informations at Shah Alam. Table 2: Summary of correlativity between observed and predicted informations for all the location. Parameter Sphere Monitoring Station Klang, ASMA Shah Alam, ASMA Subang, MMD Wind speed 10m Domain 3 USGS 0.034 0.082 0.176 Domain 3 JPBD 0.311 0.318 0.214 Domain 4 USGS 0.015 0.083 0.169 Domain 4 JPBD 0.277 0.273 0.254 Temperature 1.5m Domain 3 USGS 0.673 0.672 0.410 Domain 3 JPBD 0.774 0.788 0.537 Domain 4 USGS 0.666 0.657 0.411 Domain 4 JPBD 0.790 0.759 0.544 Discussion The land usage is merely one of many factors that take in consideration by the meteoric mold system. The consequences showed betterment of the fake air current velocity and temperature near surface. The public presentation of the MM5 on simulation could be improved by modifying the MM5 physical options and strategies depending on the declaration and location of the survey country. Since the land usage and land screen alterations affects the close surface meteorological, it should be included as one of the cardinal factors in the air pollution patterning particularly future air quality scenario. The alterations of the temperature that lead by land usage could increase downwind, and potentially affects the air quality simulation. The alterations of the air current velocity besides affect the dispersion of air pollutants and blending in the ambiance, alterations of the air pollutant concentration are expected. Changing in the land usage and land screen forms due to the urban conurbation, altering of agricultural forms, forestation and deforestation are expected to affects to landscape. The change of landscape will take to alterations in population, energy ingestion, anthropogenetic and biogenic emanations. The consequences suggested that land usage should be taken into consideration when utilizing air quality calculating theoretical account to predicts and measure the air quality. Recognition The writers thank the Ministry of Science and Technology ( MOSTI ) Malaysia for back uping this research, under undertaking no. 04-01-04-SF0674. We besides thank Department of Environment ( DOE ) Malaysia, Malaysian Meteorological Department ( MMD ) and Town and Planning Department ( JPBD ) Malaysia for informations providing. The Positions expressed by the authours do non neccesarily reflect those of the bureau.

Writing a Critical Essay

Writing a Critical Essay Writing a Critical Essay While writing a critical essay, your purpose is to convey in your own words the sense of what the text is saying. Explain how the text creates its meaning. Open your critical literary essay with a thesis statement which demonstrates your point of view. The body of your critical essay is a presentation or defense of your interpretation. While writing critical essay, you should present your understanding of the text. In the conclusion of the critical essay, you sum up your findings, restate your thesis statement and arguments briefly. If you wish, you may extend the significance of the reading - comment on cultural or moral or technical significances of the topic and techniques of the text. You may also start writing critical essay in other way. For example, note what the main difficulties are to an interpretation of the novel. It is important to give the reader a sense of how you are proceeding in the critical essay and why: Critical Essay Help While writing a critical essay outline, you should describe the message that author wanted to bring, the significance of the book. Describe what the book is about, enumerate the major parts of the book in their order and relation, and define the problem that the author is trying to solve. Try to find the most important sentences in the book and use them to support your argumentation. Determine the author' solutions of the problem. Writing a critical essay means that you begin to argue with the author and express your point of view. Choose a specific topic that you want to explore further in your critical essay. The goal of the critical essay writing is to persuade the reader to accept your point of view. Include a thesis statement describing the subject you have chosen and why it interests you. You must have a clearly defined argumentative thesis. Write the thesis statement somewhere in the first paragraph, preferable it should be the last sentence.Read the books that you feel will be relevant to your chosen topic. Write your ideas as a summary form to create the basis of critical essay writing. Along with this summary, make an outline for you critical essay. Each idea should be started with new paragraph; each paragraph should have its topic sentence. The reader should see the development of your analysis by looking at the beginning of each paragraph. At the end, when you think critical essay is ready, proofread and correct all mistakes. Custom Critical Essay Writing Service If critical essay writing is a challenging assignment for you, do not panic! We are available at any time of day and night to help you with any step of critical essay writing. is experienced in custom writing and we know how great critical essay should be written! Popular posts: Research Paper Conclusion Persuasive Research Paper Paper Research Help Writing a Research Paper Free Research Paper

Charge of the Light Brigade Essay Example for Free (#3)

Charge of the Light Brigade Essay How far do Sources 1 and 2 challenge the impression of the Charge of the Light Brigade given in Source 3? The Charge of the Light Brigade was started by an order given by Lord Raglan to charge. It last half an hour and 113 men were killed. Source 3 is a ‘recalling’ of the brutality of the Charge of the Light Brigade. It shows the perspective of someone watching the battle rather than taking part so is therefore limited. Although, it is still useful as is written by a witness who saw it happen at the time of the event. There are various features of source 1 and 2 that challenge source 3’s impression of the Charge of the Light Brigade. For example, source 1 portrays the appearance of only Russian soldiers and of the English look triumphant. Whereas source 3 states ‘our men tried to drag their mangled bodies’ giving the impression that many were badly injured. Source 2 challenges source 3 by saying ‘right thro’ the line they broke’ this gives the impression the English troops managed to get onto Russian ground and shows them as more successful than stated in source. In addition source 2 agrees with source 1 in this sense as can be seen in the picture, the English soldiers have reached the Russians and the Russians are made to look weak. Source 2 however is limited as is written as a poem, so may be dramatized to add effect and make to it more interesting to read. Also the information included in the poem was written on the Isle of Weight after hearing Russell’s report so is very limited. Despite the various things that challenge source 3 in source 2 and 1 there are also many things that agree with it. When looking at the cartoon in source 1 it appears to disagree with source 3, however looking at the provenance may change this opinion. It was published in the magazine ‘Punch’ which was a teasing and dramatizing newspaper. It was also only one month after the Charge of the Light Brigade and everyone knew how badly the English had performed. It appears to pick fun at Lord Cardigan and blame him for the loss that day. Source 3 and 2 also agree that a lot of men were badly injured or killed that day. This is seen when source 2 states ‘Then they rode back, but not not this six hundred’ the emphasis on the not shows that nowhere near six hundred of them rode back. In source 3 this is shown when Sergeant-Major Timothy Gowing states ‘but few escaped. ’ Source 2 agrees with source 3 when it states the soldiers were ‘shatter’d and sunder’d. ’ This coincides with the image of the soldiers having to ‘drag their mangled bodies’ the word drag shows exhaustion and that they used every last bit of energy to try and escape the battle field. In conclusion, source 1 and 2 mainly agree with the image of the Charge of the Light Brigade portrayed in source 3. Source 1 is making fun of Lord Cardigan and how terribly wrong the whole situation went so is a lot less serious than the other 2 sources. They all however give the image of the battle being a bloody, ‘brutal’ one in which many lives were lost. Source 3 was written 41 years after this shows the charge still has an impact years later and people still do not know the full truth. Charge of the Light Brigade. (2018, Oct 13).

Charge of the Light Brigade Essay Example for Free (#3)

Charge of the Light Brigade Essay How far do Sources 1 and 2 challenge the impression of the Charge of the Light Brigade given in Source 3? The Charge of the Light Brigade was started by an order given by Lord Raglan to charge. It last half an hour and 113 men were killed. Source 3 is a ‘recalling’ of the brutality of the Charge of the Light Brigade. It shows the perspective of someone watching the battle rather than taking part so is therefore limited. Although, it is still useful as is written by a witness who saw it happen at the time of the event. There are various features of source 1 and 2 that challenge source 3’s impression of the Charge of the Light Brigade. For example, source 1 portrays the appearance of only Russian soldiers and of the English look triumphant. Whereas source 3 states ‘our men tried to drag their mangled bodies’ giving the impression that many were badly injured. Source 2 challenges source 3 by saying ‘right thro’ the line they broke’ this gives the impression the English troops managed to get onto Russian ground and shows them as more successful than stated in source. In addition source 2 agrees with source 1 in this sense as can be seen in the picture, the English soldiers have reached the Russians and the Russians are made to look weak. Source 2 however is limited as is written as a poem, so may be dramatized to add effect and make to it more interesting to read. Also the information included in the poem was written on the Isle of Weight after hearing Russell’s report so is very limited. Despite the various things that challenge source 3 in source 2 and 1 there are also many things that agree with it. When looking at the cartoon in source 1 it appears to disagree with source 3, however looking at the provenance may change this opinion. It was published in the magazine ‘Punch’ which was a teasing and dramatizing newspaper. It was also only one month after the Charge of the Light Brigade and everyone knew how badly the English had performed. It appears to pick fun at Lord Cardigan and blame him for the loss that day. Source 3 and 2 also agree that a lot of men were badly injured or killed that day. This is seen when source 2 states ‘Then they rode back, but not not this six hundred’ the emphasis on the not shows that nowhere near six hundred of them rode back. In source 3 this is shown when Sergeant-Major Timothy Gowing states ‘but few escaped. ’ Source 2 agrees with source 3 when it states the soldiers were ‘shatter’d and sunder’d. ’ This coincides with the image of the soldiers having to ‘drag their mangled bodies’ the word drag shows exhaustion and that they used every last bit of energy to try and escape the battle field. In conclusion, source 1 and 2 mainly agree with the image of the Charge of the Light Brigade portrayed in source 3. Source 1 is making fun of Lord Cardigan and how terribly wrong the whole situation went so is a lot less serious than the other 2 sources. They all however give the image of the battle being a bloody, ‘brutal’ one in which many lives were lost. Source 3 was written 41 years after this shows the charge still has an impact years later and people still do not know the full truth. Charge of the Light Brigade. (2018, Oct 13).

Mangosteen Remedies Marketing Plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mangosteen Remedies Marketing Plan - Coursework Example From this paper it is clear that physicians prescribe the drugs for chronic diseases as mentioned above, which are mostly NSAIDs, to provide relief from pain. Although, they are highly effective yet they have severe side effects too. The worst part is that once patient stops consuming it, disease returns with a bang. They are only a stopgap arrangement and not a real cure in themselves. These medicines cause stomach cramps, drowsiness, diarrhea, heartburn, edema (swelling of the feet), nausea and much of the discomfort. Moreover, NSAIDs pose a risk of causing stroke, heart attacks, clotting, and kidney failure, if consumed for a longer duration. The risk is associated with the amount of dosages. No one would like to have such risks and dependency on such drugs. If choice is available for an alternative medicine; it is for sure that patient would prefer switching over to a safer drug where there are no side effects even after taking medicines for a long time. ‘Mangosteen Remedie s’ produces medicines from rind of mangosteen and using many such herbs. Mangosteen is a naturally available fruit. Its remedial potential lies in compounds called xanthones found in abundance in the rind of this fruit. Medical science has found a large group of xanthones in mangosteen. Xanthones are recognized as most potent antioxidants provided by Mother Nature. Antioxidants are the compounds that throw toxic elements out of our body and prevent oxidation of our cells. That is how it increases our immunity slowing the process of ageing and providing strength to fight back chronic diseases. Anti-inflammatory properties of xanthone make it an ideal substitute for many steroid-based drugs in the long run. (Properties of Xanthones) That is why it is found to work on asthma patients giving them relief including the patients suffering from bronchitis asthma. Mangosteen rind extract is found to work in many ailments for the above mentioned reasons. It imparts a rejuvenating effec t increasing the energy levels in humans and a good part is that it delivers a permanent cure without causing any side effects. The manufacturing operation consists of extracting xanthones from mangosteen rind and suitable preparations are made that are high in xanthone concentrations. Medicines outside of U.S FDA ‘Mangosteen Remedies’ products will be marketed in the form of dietary supplements. U.S. FDA does not offer any opinion on dietary supplements. This is to establish the fact that these medicines are beyond the purview of U.S. FDA.